You’ll find the code in the various elm/* packages. For example:
What I like to do, is opening some compiled Elm app JS in VSCode (or your editor/IDE of choice) and read through the code there. “Go to definition” and “parameter name inlay hints” help tremendously. At the same time, I keep the source code on GitHub open for cross reference, because sometimes things are called just a or b in the compiled code but maybe __callback in the source code.
You might also be interested in this repo:
It’s an attempt at documenting some things about the runtime and experimenting with a different implementation.